Empirical analysis of the best warehousing practices and its impact on cocoa beans quality
the perspective of cocoa producers
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Jan 13, 2020
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The importance of cocoa to the economy of Ghana cannot be overemphasized. For several decades, cocoa has been the backbone of the country's economy and plays a major role in employment, foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, education, and infrastractural development of Ghana. Ghana is the world premier supplier of high quality cocoa and second largest exporter of the commodity. Maintaining this high quality of cocoa beans is important if Ghana is to maintain this status, and in so doing, continue charging a premium price for its cocoa. In this study, four best practices of cocoa warehousing were identified from literature and the impact they have on the quality of cocoa beans was explored in mach detail using data collected from sixty-six district managers and depot keepers of cocoa warehouses in the Agona East and Agona West districts of the Central region of Ghana. A structural equation model was developed and tested to explore this phenomenon and the findings revealed that the four cocoa warehousing best practices - inventory control, warehouse maintainance, warehouse inspection, and records keeping- were significantly positively associated with the quality of cocoa beans. This suggests that all efforts aimed at improving these aspects of cocoa warehousing would reflect positively on the quality of cocoa beans. The study also revealed important challenges to cocoa warehousing in the sampled cocoa warehouses and depots including low capacity of warehouses, poor lighting, poor ventilation, attack by pest and diseases, mishandling, insufficient equipments and facilities, pilferage and damage of cocoa beans, and lack of training for staff and other workers of cocoa warehousing and storage institutions. These challenges threaten to lower the quality of Ghana's cocoa beans. The study recommends that greater investment should be channelled into cocoa warehousing as doing so would address most of the challenges identified. The study also calls for further research into other cocoa warehousing practices not tackled in this study to determine how they impact on the quality of cocoa bean.
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Prah, I., & Fanam, P. (2020). Empirical analysis of the best warehousing practices and its impact on cocoa beans quality. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 35(3), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.353
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Osei, I. (2007). Sustainable practices in the global cocoa economy-a producer’s perspective.
Rushton, A., Oxley, J. and Croucher, P. (2000).The handbook of logistics and distribution management.(2ndedn). London: Kogan Page Publishers.
Rushton, Alan et al (2000) Logistics and Distribution Management, 2nded. London: Kogan Page Ltd
Thompson,S.S., Miller, K. B. and Lopez, A. S. (2001) Cocoa and coffee.In:Doyle, M.J., Beuchat, L.R., Montville, T.J. (eds.), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., pp721-733.
Villers, P., De Bruin, T. and Navarro, S. (2007).Development and Applications of the Hermetic Storage Technology.Published in Proceedings of the 9th International Working Conference on Stored Products Protections (IWCSPP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Vos,J. G. M., Ritchie, B.J. and Flood, J. (2003) Discovery learning about cocoa. An inspirational guide for training facilitators.CABI Bioscience, UK.
Wood, G. A. R. and Lass, R. A. (1985). Cocoa. 4th Edn, Longman Group Ltd., New York.Pp 7-30.
World cocoa foundation, cocoa market update, 2010http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/learn-about-cocoa/documents/cocoamarket update950f5.1810.Assessed on the 10/5/2012.
Awuah P. K. (2002) The Success Story of Cocoa Processing and Chocolate Manufacture in Ghana: The Success Story that Demolished a Myth Essex: David Jamieson & Associates Ltd.
Ballou, Roland B. (1999), Business Logistics Management, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Beckett, S.T. (2010). Industrial chocolate manufacture and use.(4thedn). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Bidgoli, H. (ed). (2010). The handbook of technology management: Supply chain management, marketing and advertising, and global management. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Bollen, K. & Lennox, R. (1991), Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin 110(2), 305-314. Psychological Bulletin 110, 305-314.
Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modelingMIS quarterly, 22, vii-xvi.
Cocoa Downstream Research Centre. (2010).
Cocoa Merchants’ Association of America, Inc. (CMAA) (2010).Warehouse inspection program.Available atCOCOBOD News (September 2008), A Publication of Ghana Cocoa Board.
Clay, J. (2004) World agriculture and the environment. Island Press, Washington
Delbourgo, J (2011) "Sir Hans Sloane's Milk Chocolate and the Whole History of the Cacao." Social Text 29 (Mar): special issue on "interspecies."
Dongo, L.N., Aigbekaen, E.O., Jayeola, C.O., Emaku, L.A. and Orisajo, S.B. (2009).African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, Vol. 9. pp. 299 – 302. African Crop Science Society.
David E. Sahn (1994). Adjusting to Policy Failure in African economies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
D and, R. (1999).The international cocoa trade. (2ndedn). Abington, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.http://faostat3. fao.org/download/Q/QC/E. Accessed 18 July 2015.
Top 10 Cocoa Producing Countries—WorldAtlas.com. http://www.worldatlas. com/articles/top-10-cocoa-producing-countries.html.
Fornell, C.&Larcker, D. F. (1981).Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Greenberg, R., Bichier, P., and Angon, A. C. (2000).The conservation value for birds of cacao plantations with diverse planted shade in Tabasco, Mexico.AnimConserv 3:105–112
ICCO(International Cocoa Organization) (2008) Consultative board on the world cocoa economy.Manual of best known practices in cocoa production. http://www.roundtablecocoa.org/documents/CB-16-2%20-%20ICCO%20-%20Best%20known%20practices.pdf Assessed on the 3/3/2013
International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). (2011).
International Cocoa Initiative; Basic Facts on Cocoa, 2008.
Jaeger, Peter. “The Market for Cocoa and its Relevance to African Production”. USAID/S Oct.1999:pg1-19.17Oct.2009
Jonfia-Essien,W.A., Navarro, S. and Dator, J.V. (2008).Effectiveness of hermetic storage in insect control and quality preservation of cocoa beans in Ghana. p. 305-310. In:Daolin., G., Navarro, S., Jian, Y.,Cheng, T., Zuxun, J., Yue, L., Haipeng, W. (eds) Proceedings of Eight International Conference on Controlled
Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Chengdu, China. 21-26 September 2008, Sichuan Publishing Group, Sichuan, China, pp. 305-310.
Jonfia-Essien, W.A and Navarro, S. (2010) Effect of storage management on free fatty acid content in dry cocoa beans In: 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, Julius-Kühn-Archiv425: 963-968.
Leach, M. (1990) Philosophical Choice Nursing. The Journal of Clinical Practice, Education and Management, 4, 16-18.
Mikkelsen, L. (2010).Quality Assurance along the Primary Processing Chain of Cocoa Beans from Harvesting to Export in Ghana. A research paper in fulfillment of the requirements for 15 ECTS point at the University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Science, on the third year of the bachelor education in Food Science. http://www.chokoladeselskabet.dk/Ghana-rapport.pdf Assessed on the 23/3/2013
May, P., Vegro, R. and Menezes J., A. (1993) Coffee and cacao production and
processing in Brazil. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.UNCTAD/COM, Rome.
Ministry of Manpower,Youth& Employment (2007). Labour Practices in Cocoa
Mossu, G. (1992). Cocoa.The tropical agriculturalist. The Macmillian press Ltd, London, First edition, 103 pp.
Magan, N., Hope, R., Cairns, V. and Aldred, D. (2003). Post-harvest fungal ecology: Impact of fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation in stored grain. European Journal of plant pathology 109:723-730.
Navarro,S., De Bruin, T., Montemayer, A R., Finkelman, S., Rindner, M. and Dias, R. (2007). Use of biogenerated atmospheres of stored commodities of quality preservation and insect control, with particular reference to cocoa beans.Integrated Protection of Stored Products, IOBC/wprs Bulletin, 30 (2):197-204.
Olam Ghana Limited.(2005). Ghana Cocoa. Unpublished paper presented at BAHCC Training Programme. Kumasi, 20-21 Oct, 2005.Operational Manual of COCOBOD, WPO Department (Unpublished), pp 3-6
Osei, I. (2007). Sustainable practices in the global cocoa economy-a producer’s perspective.
Rushton, A., Oxley, J. and Croucher, P. (2000).The handbook of logistics and distribution management.(2ndedn). London: Kogan Page Publishers.
Rushton, Alan et al (2000) Logistics and Distribution Management, 2nded. London: Kogan Page Ltd
Thompson,S.S., Miller, K. B. and Lopez, A. S. (2001) Cocoa and coffee.In:Doyle, M.J., Beuchat, L.R., Montville, T.J. (eds.), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., pp721-733.
Villers, P., De Bruin, T. and Navarro, S. (2007).Development and Applications of the Hermetic Storage Technology.Published in Proceedings of the 9th International Working Conference on Stored Products Protections (IWCSPP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Vos,J. G. M., Ritchie, B.J. and Flood, J. (2003) Discovery learning about cocoa. An inspirational guide for training facilitators.CABI Bioscience, UK.
Wood, G. A. R. and Lass, R. A. (1985). Cocoa. 4th Edn, Longman Group Ltd., New York.Pp 7-30.
World cocoa foundation, cocoa market update, 2010http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/learn-about-cocoa/documents/cocoamarket update950f5.1810.Assessed on the 10/5/2012.