Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy.
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Apr 30, 2016
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In recent years, there is a significant decline of cocoa beans in terms of exports value and share after 2010. Several studies claimed that this downward trend was caused by the introduction of an export tax on cocoa beans in 2010. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the impacts of decreasing cocoa beans exports to the Indonesian economy. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate the impacts of the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans to the economy as well as unemployment. Methodology of this study utilised the Input-Output Table. In particular, this study calculated the impacts of export tax on cocoa beans to the changes of output, primary inputs, and unemployment in several scenarios. The main result of this study was that at extreme scenario, where the cocoa beans sector’s export was eliminated, the impacts on the whole economy and unemployment were insignificant. Moreover, this study found that the impacts on value added such as decreasing of profit were relatively higher than decreasing ra te on the output and others value added such as salary and wages and indirect taxes. On the other hand, this study argued that even though the introduction of export tax effectively reduced raw cocoa beans exports, there was an increasing on the exports’ value on the down stream industries.
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Effendi, Y. (2016). Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 32(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i1.212
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Permani, R, Vanzetti,D., and Setyoko, N.R.(2011). Optimum Level and Welfare Effects of Export Taxes for Cocoa Beans in Indonesia: A Partial Equilibrium Approach. Presented At 2011 Aares Annual Conference, Melbourne, 8th-11th February, 2011.
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Syadullah, M. (2012). Dampak Kebijakan Bea Keluar Terhadap Ekspor dan Industri Pengolahan Kakao. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, Vol. 6, No. 1, Pp. 53-68.
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Wibowo, T. (2013). Dampak Penurunan Ekspor Terhadap PenyerapanTenaga Kerja. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, Vol.7, No.2, Pp.171-192.
Atan, S. and Arslanturk, Y. (2012). Tourism and Economic Growth Nexus: an Input-Output Analysis in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 62, pp. 952 – 956.
BPS.(2007a).Indonesian Input-Output Table 2005 Vol. I, Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS.(2007b).Indonesian Input-Output Table 2005 Vol. II, Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS. (2008). Kerangka Teori dan Analisis Tabel Input Output. Jakarta: Tionarayana Marbuejaya.
Briassoulis, Helen. (1991). Methodological Issues: Tourism Input-Output Analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.18, pp. 485-495
Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2014). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Cocoa 2013-2015. Directorate General of Estate Crops: Jakarta.
Hara, T. (2008). Quantitative Tourism Industry Analysis: Introduction to Input-Output, Social Accounting Matrix Modeling, and Tourism Satellite Accounts. Elsevier: USA
Hasibuan, A.M., Nurmalina, R., and Wahyudi, D.A.. (2012).Pengaruh Pencapaian Kebijakan Penerapan Bea Ekspor Dan Gernas Kakao Terhadap Kinerja Industri Hilir Dan Penerimaan Petani Kakao. Buletin Ristri, Vol.3, No.2, Pp.157-170.
Hasni. (2014). Analisis Manfaat Skema Subsidi Resi Gudang Terhadap Petani dan Industri Kakao. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, Vol.8, No.1, pp.139-161.
Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha. (2009). Background Paper: Kajian Industri dan Perdagangan Kakao. Accessed on October 08, 2015 at http://www.kppu.go.id/docs/Positioning_Paper/positioning_paper_kakao.pdf
KPPU see Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha.
Lubis, A.D., and Nuryanti, S. (2011). Analisis Dampak ACFTA dan Kebijakan Perdagangan Kakao di Pasar Domestik dan China. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, Vol.9, No.2, pp.143-156.
Miller, R.E., and Blair, P.D. (2009).Input Output Analysis: Foundations and Extentions. Cambridge University Press:New York.
Ministry of Industry. (2009). Roadmap Pengembangan Industri Kakao. Direktorat Jenderal Industri Kakao dan Kimia:Jakarta.
Nabhani, I., Daryanto, A., Yassin, M., and Rifin, A. (2015). Can Indonesia Cocoa Farmers Get Benefit on Global Value ChainInclusion? A Literature Review. Asian Social Science, Vol. 11, No. 18, pp.288-294.
Permani, R, Vanzetti,D., and Setyoko, N.R.(2011). Optimum Level and Welfare Effects of Export Taxes for Cocoa Beans in Indonesia: A Partial Equilibrium Approach. Presented At 2011 Aares Annual Conference, Melbourne, 8th-11th February, 2011.
Piermartini, R. (2004). The Role of Export Taxes in the Field of Primary Commodities. WTO Discussion Papers.
Rifin, A. (2012). Impact of Export Tax Policy on Cocoa Farmers and Supply Chain. SEADI Discussion Paper No.1, USAID Support for Economic Analysis Development in Indonesia project.
Rifin, A. (2013). Competitiveness of Indonesia’s Cocoa Beans Export in the World Market. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, Vol. 4, No.5, pp.279-281.
Rifin, A. and Nauly, D. (2013).The Effect Of Export Tax On Indonesia’s Cocoa Export Competitiveness. Presented At The 57th Aares Annual Conference, Sydney, New South Wales, 5th-8th February, 2013.
Shamsudin, M.N. (1998). The Effect of an Export Levy on the Malaysian Cocoa Industry. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 6(1): 23-29.
Swenson, C.W. and Moore, M.L (1987). Use of Input-Output Analysis in Tax Research. In Advances in Taxation, vol. 1, JAI Press. Pp. 49-83.
Syadullah, M. (2012). Dampak Kebijakan Bea Keluar Terhadap Ekspor dan Industri Pengolahan Kakao. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, Vol. 6, No. 1, Pp. 53-68.
UNCOMTRADE, see United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database.
United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. (2015). Data Availability by Reporter. United Nations Statistic Division. Accessed on October 12, 2015 at http://comtrade.un.org/db/mr/daReportersResults.aspx.
Wibowo, T. (2013). Dampak Penurunan Ekspor Terhadap PenyerapanTenaga Kerja. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, Vol.7, No.2, Pp.171-192.